GLP-1 Evidence https://glp1facts.org What the trials actually show about semaglutide, tirzepatide and the rest of the GLP-1 class. en Sun, 08 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMT How GLP-1 drugs actually work https://glp1facts.org/how-glp1-works/ https://glp1facts.org/how-glp1-works/ GLP-1 receptor agonists slow gastric emptying and act on hypothalamic satiety circuits. Here is what the mechanistic trials measured, and what they did not. Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Semaglutide: what the trials show https://glp1facts.org/semaglutide/ https://glp1facts.org/semaglutide/ STEP 1 to STEP 5, SELECT, and the head-to-head against tirzepatide — semaglutide effect sizes with the trial designs that produced them. Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Tirzepatide: what the trials show https://glp1facts.org/tirzepatide/ https://glp1facts.org/tirzepatide/ SURMOUNT-1 and -2, the sleep apnoea and heart failure trials, and the head-to-head win over semaglutide — tirzepatide evidence with effect sizes. Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer How much of GLP-1 weight loss is muscle? https://glp1facts.org/muscle-loss/ https://glp1facts.org/muscle-loss/ Body-composition data from the semaglutide and tirzepatide trials: how much lean mass is lost, how that compares with dieting, and whether it matters. Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer GLP-1 side effects, ranked by how often they happen https://glp1facts.org/side-effects/ https://glp1facts.org/side-effects/ Nausea, vomiting, constipation and the rarer events — GLP-1 side-effect rates from the randomised trials, separated from the anecdotes. Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer What happens when you stop taking a GLP-1 drug https://glp1facts.org/stopping/ https://glp1facts.org/stopping/ Withdrawal data from STEP 1 and STEP 4: how much weight comes back, how fast, and what it means for treating obesity as a chronic condition. Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Do GLP-1 drugs protect your heart? https://glp1facts.org/cardiovascular/ https://glp1facts.org/cardiovascular/ SELECT, the diabetes outcome trials and the pooled meta-analyses — what GLP-1 receptor agonists do to cardiovascular events. Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer GLP-1 drugs beyond weight loss: kidneys, liver, sleep apnoea, addiction https://glp1facts.org/beyond-weight-loss/ https://glp1facts.org/beyond-weight-loss/ Where GLP-1 receptor agonists have real evidence outside obesity and diabetes — and where the claims are running well ahead of the trials. Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Oral GLP-1 pills: semaglutide 25 mg and orforglipron https://glp1facts.org/oral-glp1/ https://glp1facts.org/oral-glp1/ Oral semaglutide and the small-molecule agonist orforglipron — trial results, how they compare with injections, and what a pill changes. Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Semaglutide: what the trials actually show https://glp1facts.org/drug/semaglutide/ https://glp1facts.org/drug/semaglutide/ GLP-1 receptor agonist. Type 2 diabetes and, at the higher dose, weight management. What the trials show and what they do not. Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Tirzepatide: what the trials actually show https://glp1facts.org/drug/tirzepatide/ https://glp1facts.org/drug/tirzepatide/ Dual GIP / GLP-1 receptor agonist. Type 2 diabetes and weight management. What the trials show and what they do not. Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Liraglutide: what the trials actually show https://glp1facts.org/drug/liraglutide/ https://glp1facts.org/drug/liraglutide/ GLP-1 receptor agonist. Type 2 diabetes and weight management. What the trials show and what they do not. Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Dulaglutide: what the trials actually show https://glp1facts.org/drug/dulaglutide/ https://glp1facts.org/drug/dulaglutide/ GLP-1 receptor agonist. Type 2 diabetes. What the trials show and what they do not. Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Oral semaglutide: what the trials actually show https://glp1facts.org/drug/oral-semaglutide/ https://glp1facts.org/drug/oral-semaglutide/ GLP-1 receptor agonist, oral. Type 2 diabetes; higher-dose oral formulations for weight management have been trialled. What the trials show and what they do not Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Compounded GLP-1 preparations: what the trials actually show https://glp1facts.org/drug/compounded-glp1/ https://glp1facts.org/drug/compounded-glp1/ Unapproved compounded preparation. Not approved. Sold through compounding pharmacies and online sellers.. What the trials show and what they do not. Sun, 09 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer About GLP-1 Evidence https://glp1facts.org/about/ https://glp1facts.org/about/ Who publishes GLP-1 Evidence, how pages are researched, and how the site makes money. Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Editorial policy https://glp1facts.org/editorial-policy/ https://glp1facts.org/editorial-policy/ How GLP-1 Evidence selects evidence, scores products and handles conflicts of interest. Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Affiliate and partnership disclosure https://glp1facts.org/disclosure/ https://glp1facts.org/disclosure/ Every commercial relationship that could affect what you read on GLP-1 Evidence. Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Privacy https://glp1facts.org/privacy/ https://glp1facts.org/privacy/ What GLP-1 Evidence collects — which is close to nothing. Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Research digest, 5 October 2026 https://glp1facts.org/research/2026-10-05/ https://glp1facts.org/research/2026-10-05/ 15 newly indexed peer-reviewed papers relevant to GLP-1 Evidence, from 5 October 2026. Mon, 05 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Research digest, 28 September 2026 https://glp1facts.org/research/2026-09-28/ https://glp1facts.org/research/2026-09-28/ 39 newly indexed peer-reviewed papers relevant to GLP-1 Evidence, from 28 September 2026. Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Research digest, 21 September 2026 https://glp1facts.org/research/2026-09-21/ https://glp1facts.org/research/2026-09-21/ 7 newly indexed peer-reviewed papers relevant to GLP-1 Evidence, from 21 September 2026. Mon, 21 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Research digest, 14 September 2026 https://glp1facts.org/research/2026-09-14/ https://glp1facts.org/research/2026-09-14/ 7 newly indexed peer-reviewed papers relevant to GLP-1 Evidence, from 14 September 2026. Mon, 14 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Research digest, 7 September 2026 https://glp1facts.org/research/2026-09-07/ https://glp1facts.org/research/2026-09-07/ 9 newly indexed peer-reviewed papers relevant to GLP-1 Evidence, from 7 September 2026. Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Research digest, 8 August 2026 https://glp1facts.org/research/2026-08-08/ https://glp1facts.org/research/2026-08-08/ No newly indexed research matched this site's topics in the week of 8 August 2026. Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer GLP-1 mechanism: what the evidence base looks like https://glp1facts.org/evidence/glp1-mechanism/ https://glp1facts.org/evidence/glp1-mechanism/ 19 publications on glp-1 mechanism — how many trials, how much synthesis, how recent, and what that means. Mon, 10 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Cardiovascular: what the evidence base looks like https://glp1facts.org/evidence/cardiovascular/ https://glp1facts.org/evidence/cardiovascular/ 16 publications on cardiovascular — how many trials, how much synthesis, how recent, and what that means. Mon, 10 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Adverse effects: what the evidence base looks like https://glp1facts.org/evidence/adverse-effects/ https://glp1facts.org/evidence/adverse-effects/ 27 publications on adverse effects — how many trials, how much synthesis, how recent, and what that means. Mon, 10 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer GLP-1 other: what the evidence base looks like https://glp1facts.org/evidence/glp1-other/ https://glp1facts.org/evidence/glp1-other/ 24 publications on glp-1 other — how many trials, how much synthesis, how recent, and what that means. Mon, 10 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Muscle loss: what the evidence base looks like https://glp1facts.org/evidence/muscle-loss/ https://glp1facts.org/evidence/muscle-loss/ 17 publications on muscle loss — how many trials, how much synthesis, how recent, and what that means. Mon, 10 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Semaglutide weight: what the evidence base looks like https://glp1facts.org/evidence/semaglutide-weight/ https://glp1facts.org/evidence/semaglutide-weight/ 32 publications on semaglutide weight — how many trials, how much synthesis, how recent, and what that means. Mon, 10 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Tirzepatide: what the evidence base looks like https://glp1facts.org/evidence/tirzepatide/ https://glp1facts.org/evidence/tirzepatide/ 30 publications on tirzepatide — how many trials, how much synthesis, how recent, and what that means. Mon, 10 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Oral GLP-1: what the evidence base looks like https://glp1facts.org/evidence/oral-glp1/ https://glp1facts.org/evidence/oral-glp1/ 14 publications on oral glp-1 — how many trials, how much synthesis, how recent, and what that means. Mon, 10 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Discontinuation: what the evidence base looks like https://glp1facts.org/evidence/discontinuation/ https://glp1facts.org/evidence/discontinuation/ 21 publications on discontinuation — how many trials, how much synthesis, how recent, and what that means. Mon, 10 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer GLP-1 drugs and fatty liver disease: what is being tested https://glp1facts.org/fatty-liver/ https://glp1facts.org/fatty-liver/ Semaglutide and tirzepatide are now studied as liver drugs. What the MASLD meta-analyses and a combination trial set out to measure, and what they cannot tell you. Sun, 11 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer Do GLP-1 drugs protect the kidneys? What the trials measured https://glp1facts.org/kidney-disease/ https://glp1facts.org/kidney-disease/ What the kidney-outcome trials of semaglutide and other GLP-1 drugs measured in people with chronic kidney disease, and what the meta-analyses conclude. Sat, 05 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer GLP-1 Drugs and Knee Osteoarthritis: What the Trial Found https://glp1facts.org/knee-osteoarthritis/ https://glp1facts.org/knee-osteoarthritis/ What the once-weekly semaglutide trial in people with obesity and knee osteoarthritis measured, what it found, and what it did not show. Thu, 03 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT Stéphane Sprauer